Energieonderzoek

Transition to sustainable use of fossil fuels

(2000-2006)

Coordinator: Dr. A.P.C. Faaij, tel (030) 2537643, a.faaij@chem.uu.nl, Utrecht University

Participating institutions:
Utrecht University
Technical University Delft
Leiden University

Overall aim

Een omschakeling van het mondiale energiesysteem van de huidige voorziening, die goeddeels is gebaseerd op de inzet van fossiele brandstoffen, naar een systeem dat uiteindelijk voldoet aan een breed scala aan duurzaamheidscriteria is een ongekende uitdaging. Naast verregaande energiebesparing, dematerialisatie en hernieuwbare energiebronnen wordt fossiele brandstof veelal als onmisbaar gekenschetst voor de energievoorziening tot ver in de volgende eeuw. De mogelijke laag blijvende fossiele brandstofprijzen tot ver in de volgende eeuw, continue verbetering in exploratie- en exploitatietechnieken en het binnen bereik komen van de winning van onconventionele fossiele brandstofreserves geven fossiele brandstof een sterke positie. Indien de uitstoot van CO2 echter zeer ver omlaag moet worden gebracht is het toepassen van fossiele brandstoffen op grote schaal alleen mogelijk indien dit wordt gecombineerd met het verwijderen en opslaan van CO2, kortom ontkoling van het fossiele brandstofgebruik. Hierbij kunnen dr ie hoofdvragen worden gesteld:

  • Welke technieken en systemen op het gebied van CO2 verwijdering kunnen zorgdragen voor een efficiënte en kosteneffectieve toepassing van fossiele brandstof?
  • Wat zijn de veiligheids- en milieu-risico’s van CO2-opslag, winningstechnieken van onconventionele fossiele brandstof en infrastructuur (CO2) en eventueel waterstofnetwerken).
  • Wat is het maatschappelijk draagvlak voor het ontwikkelen en toepassen van dergelijke opties?

Dissemination of results

Scientific
Various parts of this programme have been continued in CATO (CO2 Capture, Transport and StOrage; towards a clean use of fossil fuels in the energy economy).
A more recent follow-up programme has been realized with the CAPTECH, CO2 capture technology development programme (funded by EOS; Energy Research Strategy-Ministry of Economic Affairs). Comprises two Ph.D. projects for Copernicus-UU, Budget: 0.5 MEuro.(2007-2011). There is also a link to CO2-NET, EU network on CCS; especially focusing on compiling and dissination information. Other links:

  • Enhanced CoalBed Methane recovery - phase II (funded by SenterNovem, carried out by TNO-NITG and STS-UU, start 2003)
  • Safety and environmental risks of underground CO2 sequestration, (Funded by the RMNO (Raad voor Milieu en NatuurOnderzoek – Advisory Council for Research on Spatial Planning. Nature and the Environment. Carried out by the Copernicus Institute – Department of Science, Technology & Society, Utrecht University, finalized August 2003)
  • EU-program, GRASP, where comparable research is performed on different coal types. A PhD-student and a 2-year Post-Doc are to be assigned in the first half of 2007.

Societal
The results of this project are relevant to society in several ways. First, the information that was gathered by the researchers and many experts gives a valuable oversight of the current scientific knowledge on the aspects and consequences of six CCS technologies, which has been published and presented in scientific outlets as well as more public meetings. Second,
the results from the ICQ give information about the evaluations of the general public regarding CCS technologies that can facilitate choices on policy measures. Third, the results from the smaller surveys provide valuable insight in how results from other surveys should be interpreted.

For the system analysis results numerous links have been made through CATO, CAPTECH, IEA GHG, the Energy Transtion activities in the Netherlands and direct contacts with the various stakeholders from aforementioned networks. Many questions now relevant for implementation and policy issues around CCS have directly been addressed in this project. This is also evident by the large number of invited lectures, media coverage, etc.

The PhD-thesis of Mazumder provides much new technical information for industrial and governmental decisionmakers on the development of CO2-injection by sequestration. During his study much of the knowledge is used during the development of the RECOPOL test site.

Project 1: System analyses of transition routes to advanced fossil fuel utilisation with CO2 removal and sequestration

Dissertation 'Reforming Fossil Fuel Use development' by K. Damen (28 Mar 2007)
Nederlandse samenvatting kort / volledige proefschrift / Nederlands factsheet

The sense of urgency in achieving large reductions in anthropogenic CO2 emissions has increased the interest in carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). CCS can be defined as the separation and capture of CO2 produced at large stationary sources, followed by transport and storage in geological reservoirs, the ocean or minerals in order to prevent its emission to the atmosphere.

The objective of this thesis is to assess the technical possibilities, costs and risks of CCS systems to allow comparison, identify promising options and determine how and to what extent CCS could be deployed over time in the Netherlands.

In the short term, electricity can be produced with strongly reduced CO2 emissions by means of pulverised coal-fired power plants and natural gas-fired combined cycles equipped with chemical absorption units, or integrated coal gasification combined cycles integrated with a shift reactor and a physical absorption unit. Electricity production costs and CO2 mitigation costs versus an identical plant without capture are calculated at 5-7 €ct/kWh and 15-50 €/t CO2. CO2 transport and storage in depleted gas fields or aquifers typically add another 0.1-1 €ct/kWh. In the longer term, the efficiencies could be improved with 30-40%, and mitigation costs could eventually be reduced to 10-40 €/t CO2.

Hydrogen can be produced by means of large-scale steam methane reforming or coal gasification with CO2 capture from the shifted syngas, or by means of decentralised  membrane reformers. The latter technology, which has been studied using Aspenplus, promises economic small-scale hydrogen production and inexpensive CO2 separation. The additional costs to induce CCS at hydrogen plants is relatively low (5-20 €/t CO2). Nevertheless, electricity production with CCS generally deserves preference as CO2 mitigation option, as the costs to replace natural gas or gasoline for hydrogen are relatively high.
CCS may play a significant role in decarbonising the Dutch energy and industrial sector, which currently emit nearly 100 Mt CO2/yr. We found that 15 Mt CO2 could be avoided annually by 2020, mainly by capturing CO2 from new coal-fired power plants. Halfway this century, the mitigation potential of CCS is estimated at 80-110 Mt CO2/yr, of which 60-80 Mt CO2/yr may be avoided at costs between 10 and 40 €/t CO2. The mitigation potential in the power sector has been estimated at 60-84 Mt CO2/yr by 2050, assuming electricity supply is doubled. Industrial sources add another 16 Mt CO2/yr. The development of a market for alternative fuels produced via syngas production with CCS creates an opportunity to decarbonise the transport sector. The reduction potential by 2050 has been estimated very roughly at 10 Mt CO2/yr for F-T diesel or H2 production with CCS.

However, truly realising these potentials will require long-term climate policy and a clear and internationally oriented vision on the organisation of CCS deployment in the coming decades. In the Netherlands, gas fields seem the most appropriate reservoirs for CO2 storage given their large storage capacity. As many reservoirs will be abandoned before 2025, a strategy must be developed to assure sufficient storage capacity will be available in the spring of a potential CCS era. Not all reservoirs will be suited for CO2 storage due to an array of geological constraints, in particular the risk of CO2 leakage through abandoned wells, faults and fractures. Although the mechanisms of CO2 leakage are fairly well understood, quantifying leakage rates is still a challenge. In addition, underground gas storage may become a serious ‘competitor’ with underground CO2 storage, especially when the Netherlands becomes an international gas hub. When large CO2 reductions are required, we may have to rely on the Groningen gas field, or the mega reservoirs in the British or Norwegian part of the North Sea.

Project 2: Carbondioxide injection in coal seems for sequestration and enhanced methane production

Dissertation 'Dynamics of CO2 in Coal as a Reservoir' by S. Mazumder (29 Mar 2007)
Nederlandse samenvatting lang / Nederlandse samenvatting kort / Engels factsheet

Emission of industrial carbon dioxide as a polluting gas can be reduced by injection in uneconomic deep layered coal seams. At the same time this injected gas and probably flue gas can be used, as a zero or minus zero option, to produce the relatively clean fossil fuel methane. This option could play a major role on shorter term already in a transition from the current fossil fuel use, towards a system in which fossil fuels are used with near zero Greenhouse Gas emission levels. For geologically easy situated shallow coal seams this technique is under development in the U.S.. Deep seams, such as in the Netherlands have different conditions; higher rock and pore pressures, lower permeabilities and the presence of water in the coal. These geo-environmental problems have to be solved, with the use of gas, liquid and/or super critical carbon dioxide and/or flue gas to get storage capacity and methane production.  These insights are strongly desired to allow for assessment of the techno-economic feasibility of this option and gaining insight in safety and ecological aspects related to CBM systems. The results of this project will be integrated in system analyses of advanced sustainable fossil fuel based energy systems and transitions schemes to obtain such a new system.

Objectives:

  • Is it possible to store CO2 in coal?
  • What is the effect of CO2 and in-situ water on the production of CH4?
  • How are different coal types behaving?
  • What are the geotechnical risks on gas injection and production and the development of installations for this new technique for densely populated and/or industrial areas?

The mechanisms, by which the coal seams sorb, retain and store gases needs to be understood. The results presented in this thesis give an insight into the dynamics of CO2 and other flue gas components in coal. The cleat network in coal seams provides the principal source of permeability for fluid flow. Understanding and predicting the cleat attributes is necessary for creating a flow model. A methodology for determining the cleat spacing is being proposed which uses Gaussian point spread function. With this method the cleat apertures were measured using images from CT scans. In addition, a method to determine the cleat orientation and cleat spacing distribution from CT scans of coal samples was developed. Regarding the cleat orientation and relevant cleat spacing, we observe configuration dependent spacing distributions in both samples, which can be used for fracture modeling in coal specimens up to one cubic foot in size. The method combines these two different techniques, and gives a better understanding of the cleat framework. Up-scaling to seam size was not investigated. This combined procedure also proves that it is possible to distinguish face cleat, the butt cleat and the bedding system. However, no measurement can be exact in the sub-pixel level, including the method described above. At best choosing the right method can reduce the error in the approximations. Flue gas and pure CO2 sorption experiments were carried out to compare the sorption capacity of a single and multi component gas. CO2 compared to CH4 is the most preferred adsorbed component in both the wet and dry experiments: CO2 shows the largest decrease in concentration at the end of the adsorption experiment and shows the largest increase (preferentially desorbed) at the end of the extraction steps. The preference has decreased with the addition of water to the coal. Thus a considerable amount of CO2 can be stripped off the flue gas by making it sorb onto coal at high pressures. For the injection of flue gas on an industrial scale, it means that coal may be successfully used to filter the CO2 out. Large volumes of flue gas could be directly sequestered in coal. Enhancement of CH4 production via flue gas adsorption could not be established in these experiments. For the first time density measurements of a flue gas has been successfully performed, suggesting a close resemblance to the pure N2 behavior. As part of this thesis an experimental study was conducted to estimate the porosity and permeability impairment caused by the volumetric swelling of coal with the injection of CO2. This decrease in permeability can result in serious injectivity problems near the well bore. Swelling of coal is rank dependent and a major conclusion from the swelling behavior would result in the comparison of the coal structure with that of glassy polymers. It can also be concluded for the experimental work that on a unit concentration basis excess strain is caused by the absorption of CO2 when compared to CH2. This effect has been named as differential swelling. An Extended Langmuir like formulation coupled with PM equation for uniaxial strain conditions have been used to model the experiments, resulting in an average match. Plasticization of coal may be a possible reason for that. Moreover models used in commercial simulators based on uniaxial strain reservoir conditions might not work under complex stress regime. The effect of plasticization of coal on diffusion processes has been modeled. A theory has been introduced, that accounts for the phenomenon of anomalous diffusion, observed when bituminous coal swells in CO2. The theory explains the process in terms of the contrast in the diffusion coefficients and the viscosity of the un-swollen coal. Experiments have been conducted to support this theory by estimating diffusion coefficients. These estimates distinctively suggest an anomalous diffusion process. The model has been derived from conservation law, combined with mass transport both due to concentration and stress gradients. Moreover the derivation uses that the s tr ess is proportional to the mass flux gradient, a typical result obtained from extended non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Parameter estimation for the model corresponding to the diffusion of CO2 in coal has been done and sharp concentration fronts in line with the theory of Case II diffusion has been observed in the simulation results. Core flooding experiments were conducted under reservoir conditions with CO2, N2 and flue gas as an injectant. Conditions of these experiments were varied from sub-critical to super-critical and from relatively wet to relatively dry cores. Under dry conditions, the incremental methane produced is likely due to the preferential desorption of methane in the presence of CO2. Consequently, the dry experiments show that the amount of desorbed CH2 is marginally greater than desorption resulting from reduction in partial pressures of methane. The wet experiments failed to produce any sorbed CH2 from the coal. The water acted as a barrier and probably hindered the exchange process by either blocking the sites or by reducing the diffusivities by at least two orders of magnitude. From the experiments it is clear, that on a pore scale CO2 is better adsorbed compared to CH4. Even though the coal was saturated with CH4, under the same conditions a class of pores that were not available for methane sorption was available for the physical sorption of the other species, preferably CO2. Comparing the CO2 flooding experiments with the flue gas experiments under similar conditions, the latter show lower sweep efficiencies. There is hardly any production of adsorbed methane from the coal. The flue gas experiments, with N2 as the main constituent can be considered as a N2 stripping experiment. A numerical model was developed to understand the physical process on a single cleat scale. The results generated out of the numerical model seem to clearly depict the effect of the effluent on the exchange process.
The outcomes of all discussions, provided (translated) technical information and iterations for inquiries are placed in the work of Damen/Walthober-Best (Leiden) and Faay/Damen (Utrecht).

Project 3: Informed opinions of the general public as a tool for policy measures regarding advanced fossil fuel options

Publication 'Public perceptions and preferences regarding large scale implementation of six CO2 capture and storage technologies. Well-informed and well-considered opinions versus uninformed pseudo-opinions of the Dutch public' by dr. Dancker Daamen en dr. Marjolein de Best- Waldhober (Apr 2006)
Nederlandse samenvatting kort / Nederlands factsheet

This project focused on preferences of the general public concerning advanced fossil fuel options with CO2 removal and sequestration. Via an Information-Choice Questionnaire (ICQ), we have investigated the choice the general public would make after having received and evaluated expert information on the consequences pertaining to these choices. By comparing the public preferences with and without information, the outcomes of this project indicate what fossil fuel options are considered (un)acceptable given sufficient knowledge, and how much and in what respect the current situation deviates from this possible future situation. If certain advanced fossil fuel options are unacceptable by a percentage of the general public the ICQ results provide insight in the reasons why these options are unacceptable. It is a major challenge for the proposed project as a whole (the beta/gamma interaction between the three sub projects) to adapt these options in such a way that these reasons are taken away. This may prevent public resistance to these fossil fuel options in the future. Via survey experiments, aspects of the ICQ-methodology are improved.

As the Dutch government is striving to reduce CO2 emissions, the policy problem of which actions should be taken to attain this goal becomes an important question that is relevant to all Dutch citizens. Public opinion can be a decisive factor in determining how to reduce emissions. But public opinion about such new and complex technology is rarely known and therefore difficult to take into account before the stage of actual implementation of the solutions to the policy problem. If by that time the public rejects the solution(s), large amounts of time and money have already been spent in vain.

Consequently, it is recommendable to study public opinion in the early stages of development of new technologies, such as technologies that use CO2 capture and storage. But as these technologies are still mostly in a developmental stage, it is likely that the public lacks the knowledge to have an opinion on these technologies. Although people are inclined to give their opinion even if they have no information on the topic at hand, these kinds of opinions are known to be unstable and easily changed by contextual information [e.g. Bishop, Tuchfarber & Oldendick, 1986; Strack, Schwarz & Wänke, 1991; de Best-Waldhober, Daamen, Damen & Faaij, 2005]. As the risk of pseudo-opinions holds especially for new and complicated issues, the issue of modern technologies, global warming and their relationship might well be the kind that is at risk for pseudo-opinions. We tested the knowledge of the Dutch public on these issues. Specifically, we presented a sample of the Dutch population (n=327) with knowledge questions and opinion questions about global warming and about six modern technologies which use fossil fuels for energy combined with carbon capture and storage as a way to reduce CO2 emissions. Our data show that a substantial part of the respondents lacks even the most basic knowledge that is needed to have (or construct) a well considered opinion on these issues. Our data furthermore show that only part of the respondents who state their lack of knowledge withhold themselves from giving their opinions. For instance, on average half the respondents who just admitted to having never heard of a specific modern technology, did give an overall evaluation of this technology. The stability of these evaluative judgments was low: Within twelve minutes, we asked again for the overall evaluations of each of the six technologies, after adding very little information. The correlations between the first and the second evaluation of each of the six technologies ranged around a mere 0.35. A second more traditional questionnaire was administered a year later to a different sample of 300 respondents from the access panel of TNS-NIPO. This questionnaire was designed to give a deeper insight in the factors that influence uninformed opinions. This questionnaire also addressed both current public knowledge and overall evaluations of global warming and of CCS options, as well as the presentation of the choice problem. Results of this questionnaire also showed how easily uninformed opinions can be influenced; after a filler task that was unrelated to the topic but was slightly annoying, most evaluations became significantly lower.

To study more deliberated and better informed opinions on CO2-capture and storage technologies we developed an Information-Choice Questionnaire (ICQ) based on the work of Neijens (Neijens, 1987; Van Knippenberg & Daamen, 1996). In the current ICQ, respondents were confronted with the policy-relevant decision problem of having to choose between six CO2-capture and storage technologies that reduce CO2 emissions by 20 % if fully deployed by 2020. For instance, big coal fired power plants with CO2-capture and storage or conversion of natural gas into hydrogen for motor vehicles with CO2-capture and storage. However, before choosing, respondents were provided with well-balanced expert information on the most important consequences of each option. This information was compiled by various energy experts with different backgrounds, checked by other experts and then translated for lay people. As the capacity of especially lay people to absorb information is limited, the information that was compiled by experts was diminished to lay people proportions by omission of less important consequences, as agreed upon by several groups of experts. Nine to thirteen consequences per technology remained, such as for instance costs, safety and ecological impacts. For a more elaborate description of the technologies and their consequences see Faaij, Daamen, de Best-Waldhober and Wolf [2004]. The processing of this information was facilitated and the decision making process was structured, so as to aid respondents in making an informed and deliberated decision. Respondents also received suggestions aiding them avoiding common decision making errors.

This ICQ was administered to a representative sample of the Dutch population (n=995). After processing and evaluation of nine consequences, the mean overall evaluation of global warming was very negative. Although a majority of respondents evaluated two of the five consequences (i.e. "damage caused by escape of CO2" and "small earthquake") as moderate to big disadvantages, the mean overall evaluation of CO2 capture and storage was satisfactory, ranging between 6,22 to 6,50 on a scale of 1 to 10. The large majority of the population accepts large scale implementation of each of the CO2-capture and storage technologies. This wide scale acceptance also becomes apparent from the minute percentages of respondents that said they would resist implementation a technology (1.4 % - 6.4 %). The mean overall evaluations of all six CO2-capture and storage technologies were also satisfactory. To determine if and how the evaluations of the consequences influence the overall evaluations of the technologies we performed multiple regression analysis. Although some categories of consequences had more impact on the overall evaluations of technologies than others, there were no consequences or categories of consequences that solely explained the overall evaluation of a technology. In general, the consequences in the questionnaire, which were the consequences found most important by the experts, had multiple correlations with the technologies between 0,41 and 0,58. Although these are considered moderate to high correlations in the field of opinion research, it does mean that a significant part of variance of the overall evaluation of the technologies seems to stem from other arguments and sentiments than the consequences that experts deemed important. It also means that changing just one of the aspects or consequences of a technology is unlikely to result in a substantially different evaluation from the public.

Furthermore, three experiments were conducted investigating the splitting bias. Respondents were provided with information on consequences of policy options (one of them a clean fossil fuel option). It was predicted and found that evaluations of consequences are more extreme if consequences are split into separately to be evaluated components rather than presented as one whole. This splitting bias is strong and not only affects evaluations of consequences of options but also attitudes towards options and choices between options. The splitting bias is not a methodological artifact caused by the limited number of response categories inherent to rating scales (Exp. 1): The bias also emerges if consequences are evaluated on a magnitude estimation scale without scale limits (Exp. 2). The splitting bias emerges if information on consequences is lengthy and multi-facetted (Exp. 1 and 2) but also if respondents evaluate short, single-faceted consequences (Exp. 3).

Output

Proefschriften

  • Damen, K., 'Reforming fossil fuel use; The merits, costs and risks of carbon dioxide capture and storage', Utrecht University, 2007.
  • Mazumder, S., 'Dynamics of CO2 in coal as a reservoir', TU-Delft, 2007.

Journals

  • Kay Damen, André Faaij, Frank van Bergen, John Gale, Erik Lysen. Identification of Early Opportunities for CO2-sequestration; Worldwide screening for CO2-EOR and CO2-ECBM projects. Energy, the International Journal, Vol. 30, Issue 10, July 2005, Pages 1931-1952
  • C. N. Hamelinck, A. P.C. Faaij, W.C. Turkenburg, F. Van Bergen, O.H.M. Barzandji, K.H. Wolff, G-J., Ruijg,  CO2 Enhanced Coalbed Methane Production in the Netherlands, Energy, Vol.  27 No. 7, pp. 647-674, 2002.
  • K. Damen, A. Faaij, W. Turkenburg, Health, safety and environmental risks of underground CO2 sequestration – Overview of mechanisms and current knowledge. Climatic Change, Volume 74, Issue 1-3, January 2006, Pages 289-318.
  • M. Sjardin, K. Damen, A. Faaij, Techno-economic prospects of using membrane reactors in a future hydrogen driven transportation sector. Energy, Volume 31, Issue 14, November 2006, Pages 2187-2219 
  • André Faaij, Modern biomass conversion technologies. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Volume 11, No. 2, March 2006, Pages 335-367. (Special Issue on an Expert Workshop to addressthe policy implications of potential abrupt climate change, convened in Paris on 30th September–1st October 2004, hosted by IEA and the UN Foundation) .
  • K. Damen, M. Van Troost, A. Faaij, W. Turkenburg, An integral comparison of hydrogen and electricity production systems with CO2 capture and storage. Part A: review and selection of promising conversion technologies with CO2 capture. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Volume 32, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 215-246
  • K. Damen, M. Van Troost, A. Faaij, W. Turkenburg, An integral comparison of hydrogen and electricity production systems with CO2 capture and storage. Part B: System analyses of the techno-economic performance of CFF chains. (In Press: Progress in Energy and Combustion Science) .
  • Marc de Wit, André Faaij, Impact of Hydrogen Onboard Storage Technologies on the Well-to-Wheel Performance of Hydrogen Fuelled Vehicles: A Techno-Economic Well-to-Wheel Assessment (Under review: Journal of Hydrogen Energy).
  • Kay Damen, André Faaij, Wim Turkenburg, Pathways towards large-scale implementation of CO2 capture and storage: A case study for the Netherlands, (submitted to the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2007)
  • Mazumder, S., K-H. A. A Wolf and P. van Hemert,. "Laboratory experiments on environmental friendly means to improve coalbed methane production by carbon dioxide / flue gas injection" Under review for "Transport in Porous Media", submitted 22nd February, 2006.
  • Shi, Ji-Quan, Mazumder, S., K-H. A. A Wolf., & Durucan, S., "Competitive Methane Desorption by Supercritical CO2 Injection in Coal”, Under review for “Transport in Porous Media", submitted 22nd May, 2006.
  • Mazumder, S., K-H. A. A Wolf and P. van Hemert,. "CO2 and Flue-Gas Coreflood Experiments for Enhanced Coalbed Methane" Under review for "SPE Journal", submitted 22nd February, 2006.
  • Mazumder, S., R. Ephraim, K-H. A. A Wolf and Elewaut, K.,. "Application of X-Ray Computed Tomography for analysing cleat spacing and cleat aperture in coal samples", International Journal of Coal Geology 68, 205 - 222, 2006.
  • Mazumder, S., P. van Hemert, A. Busch, K-H. A. A Wolf and P Tejera Cuesta.,. "Flue gas and pure CO2 sorption properties of coal: A comparative study", International Journal of Coal Geology 67, 267 - 279, 2005.
  • Mazumder, S., Siemons, N., and K-H. A. A Wolf.,. "Differential swelling and permeability change of coal in response to CO2 injection for ECBM", Under review for SPE Journal, SPE-98475-USMS, submitted 7th June, 2005.
  • Mazumder, S., Karnik, A., and K-H. A. A Wolf.,. "Swelling of Coal in Response to CO2 Sequestration foe ECBM and its Effect on Fracture Permeability", SPE Journal, SPE-97754-RMS, September, 2006.
  • Mazumder, S., P. van Hemert, J. Bruining, K-H. A. A Wolf., & Drabe, K. "Insitu CO2 - Coal reaction s in view of carbon dioxide storage in deep unminable coal seams", Fuel 85, 1904 - 1912, 2006.
  • Mazumder, S., K.H.A.A. Wolf; "An overview of the potentials and prospects of coalbed methane exploration and exploitation in the permo-carboniferous coal measures of the Barakar Formation, the Jharia basin, India" Geologica Belgica, 7/3-4, 147 – 156, 2004.

Reports

  • F. van Bergen, H.J.M. Pagnier, K. Damen, A. Faaij, J.S. Ribberink, Feasibility study on CO2 sequestration and Enhanced CBM production in Zuid Limburg, Report prepared for NOVEM by the Netherlands Institute of Applied GeoScience TNO and the Copernicus Institute, dept. of Science, Technology and Society – Utrecht University. ESBN 90-5747-031-X, December 2003, pp 75 + Appendices 
  • K. Damen, A. Faaij, W. Turkenburg, Health, safety and environmental risks of underground CO2 sequestration – overview of mechanisms and current knowledge, Report prepared for the RMNO (Raad voor Milieu en NatuurOnderzoek – Advisory Council for Research on Spatial Planning, Nature and the Environment, Copernicus Institute – Department of Science, Technology & Society, Utrecht University Reportno. NWS-E-2003-30, July 2003, pp. 25
  • Ramírez Ramírez, C.A., A.P.C. Faaij, C. Hendriks, E. Visser, M. de Best-Walshober and D. Daamen, Interim report decision support NGO's. Problem analysis and expert information on carbon dioxide emission reduction options for the Netherlands, report commissioned by: CATO, SenterNovem, published by: Unit Science, Technology and Society, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands, December 2005, 110 pp.
  • Marjolein de Best-Waldhober, Dancker Daamen, André Faaij, Public perceptions and preferences regarding large scale implementation of six CO2 capture and storage technologies - well-informed and well-considered opinions versus uninformed pseudo-opinions of the Dutch public. Report prepared by the Centre for Energy and Environmental Studies Faculty of Social Sciences Leiden University and the Copernicus Institute – Utrecht University, Department of Science, Technology & Society in the context of the NWO/SenterNovem Project:“Transition to sustainable use of fossil fuel”, March 2006. Pp. 100 + Appendices.
  • Gerritsen, M., Daamen, D., & Wilke, H. (2002) . Het broeikaseffect alleen is erger dan het broeikaseffect en verzuring samen. Over de invloed van het splitsen van informatie op evaluatieve oordelen in een Informatie-en-Keuze-Enquête. In D.A. Stapel, M. Hagedoorn, & E. van Dijk (Red.) Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2001 Delft: Eburon.
  • Faaij, A. & Daamen, D. (2003) . Notitie over resultaten van de expertconsultaties: informatie over kwantitatieve gevolgen van zes schoon fossiele opties.
  • Marjolein de Best-Waldhober & Dancker Daamen. "Informed public opinions and preferences regarding future, large scale implementation of six CCS technologies. Testing the Information-Choice Questionnaire". Report of NWO/Senter Novem project "Transition to sustainable use fossil fuels", November 2005.
  • Marjolein de Best-Waldhober & Dancker Daamen "Informed public opinions and preferences regarding future, large scale implementation of six CCS technologies. Testing the Information-Choice Questionnaire". Report of NWO/Senter Novem project "Transition to sustainable use fossil fuels", December 2005.
  • Marjolei n de Best-Waldhober & Dancker Daamen in collaboration with André Faaij. "Public perceptions and preferences regarding large scale implementation of six CO2 capture and storage technologies. Well-informed and well-considered opinions versus uninformed pseudo-opinions of the Dutch public". Report of NWO/SenterNovem project "Transition to sustainable use fossil fuels". March 2006

Under preparation:

  • Marjolein de Best-Waldhober, Dancker Daamen, André Faaij, Informed Public Opinion on CO2 Capture and Storage Technologies. (working title; to be submitted to the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control)

Meetings and conferences

  • F. Van Bergen, K. Damen, A. Faaij, Worldwide selection of early opportunities for CO2-EOR and CO2-ECBM (1). Sixth International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, October 2002, Kyoto, Japan.
  • K. Damen, A. Faaij, F. van Bergen, Worldwide selection of early opportunities for CO2-EOR and CO2-ECBM (2); selection and analysis of promising cases storage projects. Sixth International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, October 2002, Kyoto, Japan.
  • Bergen, F., van, H.J.M. Pagnier, K. Damen, A. Faaij, J.S. Ribberink, Feasibility study on CO2 sequestration and Enhanced CBM production in Zuid Limburg, In: Proceedings of the GHGT-7 – 7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, September 5-9, 2004, Vancouver, Canada.
  • Damen, K., M. Van Troost, A. Faaij, W. Turkenburg, Comparison of clean fossil fuel systems with CO2 capture and storage by means of techno-economic chain analysis, In: Proceedings of the GHGT-7 – 7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, September 5-9, 2004, Vancouver, Canada.
  • Damen, K., A. Faaij, W. Turkenburg, Health, safety and environmental risks of underground CO2 sequestration; overview of current knowledge, In: Proceedings of the GHGT-7 – 7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, September 5-9, 2004, Vancouver, Canada.
  • E. Lysen, Faaij, A., C. Hendriks, The CATO programme in the Netherlands on CO2 capture, transport and storage, In: Proceedings of the GHGT-7 – 7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, September 5-9, 2004, Vancouver, Canada.
  • Faaij, A., D. Daamen, M. Waldhofer-Best, K.H. Wolf, Transition to sustainable use of fossil fuels: Impacts of CFF options and societal preferences, In: Proceedings of the GHGT-7 – 7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, September 5-9, 2004, Vancouver, Canada.
  • Sjardin, M., K. Damen, A. Faaij, Techno-economic evaluation for the production of high purity hydrogen from natural gas using membrane reactors, In: Proceedings of the GHGT-7 – 7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, September 5-9, 2004, Vancouver, Canada.
  • Marjolein de Best-Waldhober, Dancker Daamen, André Faaij, Informed Public Opinion on CO2- Capture and Storage Technologies, GHGT-8 – 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June 19-23, 2006, Trondheim - Norway.
  • Dancker Daamen, Marjolein de Best-Waldhober, Kay Damen, André Faaij, Pseudo-opinions on CCS technologies, GHGT-8 – 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June 19-23, 2006, Trondheim - Norway.
  • Andrea Ramirez, Monique Hoogwijk, Chris Hendriks, André Faaij, Sustainability framework CCS, GHGT-8 – 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June 19-23, 2006, Trondheim - Norway
  • Joris Koorneef, André Faaij, Wim Turkenburg, Environmental Impact Assessment of Carbon Capture and Storage in the Netherlands, GHGT-8 – 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June 19-23, 2006, Trondheim - Norway.
  • Kay Damen, André Faaij, Wim Turkenburg, Developing strategies for large-scale implementation of CO2 capture and storage: a case study for the Netherlands, GHGT-8 – 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June 19-23, 2006, Trondheim - Norway.
  • Machteld van den Broek, André Faaij, Wim Turkenburg, Timing is a crucial factor in a CCS development pathway; the case of the Netherlands, GHGT-8 – 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June 19-23, 2006, Trondheim - Norway.
  • Ad Peeters, André Faaij, Wim Turkenburg, Technological and Economic Comparison of CO2 Capture Technologies including Development Potential Evaluations. GHGT-8 – 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June 19-23, 2006, Trondheim - Norway.
  • Erik Lysen, Wim Turkenburg, Andre Faaij, Chris Hendriks, Daniel Jansen, Paul Feron, Ton Wildenborg, Suzanne Hurter, Niels van Wageningen, Dancker Daamen, Sander van Egmond, Recent developments in the Dutch CATO programme, GHGT-8 – 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June 19-23, 2006, Trondheim - Norway.
  • Mazumder, S., Bruining, J. & Wolf, K.-H.A.A., "Swelling and Anomalous diffusion mechanisms of CO2 in coal",  0601, Proceedings of The International Coalbed Methane Symposium, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA, 22–26 May, 2006.
  • Mazumder, S., Siemons, N. & Wolf, K.-H.A.A., "Differential swelling and permeability cha n ge of coal in response to CO2 inj ection for Enhanced Coalbed Methan e",  0602, Proceedings of The International Coalbed Methane Symposium, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA, 22–26 May, 2006.
  • Mazumder, S., Wolf, K.-H.A.A., Elewaut, E., & Ephraim, R "Application of X-ray computed tomography for analyzing cleat angle, spacing and aperture distribution in large coal blocks and cores",  0609, Proceedings of The International Coalbed Methane Symposium, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA, 22–26 May, 2006.
  • Willem-Jan Plug., Mazumder, S. & J. Bruining., "Capillary Pressure and Wettability Behaviour in the Coal – Water – Carbon dioxide System at High Pressures", 0606, Proceedings of The International Coalbed Methane Symposium, Tuscaloosa, U.S.A, (2006).
  • Mazumder, S., Willem-Jan Plug., & J. Bruining., "Capillary Pressure and Wettability Behaviour of Coal – Water – Carbon dioxide System", Proceedings of the XVth International Congress on Carboniferous and Permian Stratigraphy, ISBN 90-6984-479-6, 2005.
  • Mazumder, S. & Wolf, K-H A.A.,."CO2 Injection for Enhanced CH4 Production from Coal Seams: Laboratory Experiments and Simulations", 329, Proceedings of Petrotech, New Delhi, 2003.
  • Mazumder, S., Hemert. P. Van., Bruining. J., & Wolf, K-H A.A., "A Preliminary Numerical Model of CO2 Sequestration in Coal for Improved Coalbed Methane Production", 0331, Proceedings of The International Coalbed Methane Symposium, Tuscaloosa, U.S.A, 2003.
  • Mazumder, S., Willem-Jan Plug., & J. Bruining., "Capillary Pressure and Wettability Behavior of Coal – Water – Carbon dioxide System", SPE 84339, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., 5 – 8 October 2003.
  • Mazumder, S., & A. K. Varma, "Cleat Pattern and Petrographic investigations of some coal seams in Jharia coalfield, India for Coalbed Methane", Proceedings of The International Seminar on Coalbed Methane Prospects and Potentialities, SAAEG, 2001.
  • Faaij, A. D., Daamen, D., de Best-Waldhober, M., Wolf, K. H. "Transition to sustainable use of fossil fuels: Impacts of CFF options and societal preferences", In: Proceedings of the GHGT-7 – 7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, September 5-9, 2004, Vancouver, Canada.
  • De Best-Waldhober, M., Daamen, D., Damen, K., Faaij, A. D. "Uninformed and informed opinions and choices concerning modern technologies". In: Proceedings of the World Association of Public Opinion Research 58th conference: "Search for a new world order: the role of public opinion". Cannes, France, 15-17 September 2005.
  • Daamen, D., de Best-Waldhober, M. "Uninformed and Informed Opinions and Choices concerning CO2-Capture and Storage". In: Proceedings of the GHGT-8 – 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June 19-22, 2006, Trondheim, Norway.
  • de Best-Waldhober, M., Daamen, D. "Informed Public Opinion on CO2-Capture and Storage Technologies". In: Proceedings of the GHGT-8 – 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June 19-22, 2006, Trondheim, Norway.
  • Daamen, D. 2004. "Transition to sustainable use of fossil fuels". NWO/Senter/Novem Conference "Wie beta zegt, moet ook gamma zeggen", Utrecht, 11 maart 2004.
  • De Best-Waldhober, M., Daamen, D., "Information-Choice Questionnaire: Results". Project meeting UL, UU & UU, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 27 may 2005.
  • De Best-Waldhober, M., Daamen, D. "Opinions of the general public regarding advanced fossil fuel options". CATO meeting, Delft, the Netherlands, 1 July 2005 (invited speaker)
  • De Best-Waldhober, M., Daamen, D. "The Information-Choice Questionnaire vs a Traditional Questionnaire: The effect of expert information on lay people’s opinions". Conference of the European Association of Survey Research, Barcelona, Spain, 19-22 July 2005.
  • De Best-Waldhober, M., Daamen, D., Damen, K., Faaij, A. D. "Uninformed and informed opinions and choices concerning mo dern technologies." World Associa tion of Public Opinion Research 58th conference: "Search for a new world order: the role of public opinion". Cannes, France, 15-17 September 2005.
  • De Best-Waldhober, M., Daamen, D. "Transition to sustainable use of fossil fuels in the Netherlands and Social Sciences". Meeting of the Carbondioxide Capture and Sequestration Social Scientific Research Network, London, januari 2006.
  • De Best-Waldhober, M., Daamen, D., Faaij, A. D. "Informed Public Opinion on CO2-Capture and Storage Technologies". GHGT-8 – 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June 19-22, 2006, Trondheim, Norway.
  • De Best-Waldhober, M., Daamen, D., Faaij, A. D. "Publieke opinie aangaande CO2 afvang, transport en opslag". NWO kennisdag, Amsterdam, 18 januari 2007.