Energieonderzoek

Stimulating the adoption of energy-efficient technologies

(2000-2006)

Coordinator: Dr. R.J.G.M. Florax, tel. (020) 4446092, e-mail rflorax@feweb.vu.nl, Free University Amsterdam

Participating institutions:
Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam (VU)
Tilburg University (UvT)
Utrecht University (UU)
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)

Overall aim

The overall aim of the program was to better understand the adoption of energy-saving technology by small and medium-sized firms. The relevance of energy efficiency for sustainable economic growth is obvious, and receives considerable attention in policy-making. It is well known that the adoption of energy-saving technologies is a bottleneck in attaining sustainable growth, because the advantages of existing technology are not fully utilized even although their adoption has been shown to be cost effective.
The program aimed at integrating the available knowledge in economics and the sciences with respect to investment in energy-efficient technology. The first stage focussed on the theoretical analysis of investment behavior and barriers to adoption. Concurrently, substantial attention is paid to an empirical inventory of investment in energy-saving technology in low energy intensive sectors, such as the energy-extensive manufacturing sector and the service sector. At a more general level, metaanalysis is used to quantitatively assess the empirical economic literature on investment behavior. The second phase of the program focussed on generating new empirical data with respect to the investment behavior of firms, and on integrating the research findings.

Dissemination of results

Op 10 november 2003 organiseerden de onderzoekers een workshop over
modellen voor energiebesparingsbeleid. Lees er hier meer over.

Op 26 juni 2006 werkte het programma van Raymond Florax mee aan de
sessie Investeren in energie-efficiënte technologie in het
bedrijfsleven. Lees er hier meer over.

The researchers have signed a contract with Edward Elgar Publishing to publish a book summarizing the main results of the program, under the title "Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design". The book is edited by Florax, de Groot and Mulder, and contains a mix of theoretical and empirical contributions, and it combines and compares economic and physical indicators to monitor and analyze trends in energy efficiency.

Project 1: A comparative and case study analysis of barriers to invest in energy-efficient technologies with an application to the light industry and service sector

Prof. Dr. Peter Nijkamp, Supervisor and overall project management
Prof. Dr. Piet Rietveld, Supervisor and overall project management as of 2003
Prof. Dr. Raymond J.G.M. Florax, Coordinator and supervisor project 1 as of 2002
Dr. Henri L.F. de Groot, Matching, initial coordinator and supervisor project 1
Mark Koetse, Ph.D. student
Dr. Ir. Arno J. van der Vlist, Coordinator and supervisor project 1, until 2002

Dissertation 'Determinants of investment behaviour. Methods and applications of meta-analysis' by M. Koetse (14 March 2006)
Nederlandse samenvatting en conclusies / English Summary / Nederlands factsheet

Meta-analyse is een methode die sinds het midden van de jaren tachtig geleidelijk aan terrein wint binnen de economische wetenschap. Het promotieonderzoek van Mark Koetse richtte zich voor een belangrijk deel op de problemen die kleven aan de methode op zichzelf. Om deze reden heeft hij in zijn dissertatie de negatieve effecten van enkele veelvoorkomende problemen met behulp van simulatietechnieken in kaart gebracht en onderzocht in hoeverre standaardmodellen in meta-analyse deze effecten kunnen ondervangen.

Om te onderzoeken of onzekerheid een positieve of negatieve invloed heeft op investeringen binnen bedrijven analyseerde econoom Koetse de uitkomsten van empirische studies naar investeringsgedrag van ondernemers. Slechts zeer weinig van deze studies gaven een positieve en statistisch significante relatie te zien. Een nadere kwantitatieve analyse toonde aan dat de variatie in empirische uitkomsten grotendeels verklaard kan worden door verschillen tussen de onderliggende studies. Verder suggereert de meta-analyse, weliswaar op indirecte wijze, dat onzekerheid over bijvoorbeeld energieprijzen mogelijk een remmende werking heeft op investeringen in energiebesparende technologieën.

Een tweede toepassing van meta-analyse betrof de vraag in hoeverre veranderingen in energieprijzen invloed hebben op kapitaalinvesteringen. In de meta-analyse onderzocht Koetse welke factoren bijdragen aan het verklaren van de variatie in de uitkomsten van empirische studies naar dit onderwerp. De resultaten laten zien dat het zogenoemde substitutiepotentieel tussen kapitaal en energie op korte termijn relatief laag ligt, maar dat dit potentieel aanzienlijk toeneemt op langere termijn. Dit impliceert dat aanhoudend hoge energieprijzen de adoptie van energiebesparende technologieën stimuleren en leiden tot een verschuiving richting meer energie-extensieve productieprocessen.

Project 2: Energy-efficiency technology for energy-extensive firms: past trends – future prospects

Prof. Dr. Kornelis Blok,Supervisor and overall project management
Dr. Martin Patel, Matching, Supervisor project 2
Andrea Ramírez, Ph.D. student

Dissertation 'Monitoring Energy Efficiency in the Food Industry', C.A. Ramírez (22 September 2005)
English summary / Nederlands factsheet

While many studies have been conducted on the historical development of energy use and potential future saving potentials of the energy intensive sectors, rather little is still known for the non-energy intensive parts of the economy. This project therefore focuses on subsectors with low energy use, in particular, the light industry and the service sector. Project 2 ultimately led to a Ph.D. thesis, which was prepared by Andrea Ramírez.

The first step of Project 2 consisted of an analysis for the non-energy intensive sector as a whole. This work, which was published as a scientific article, showed the importance of food production, which was therefore chosen as focal area of this thesis. The work conducted deals with energy efficiency over time including an analysis of the underlying drivers for the food chain system as a whole reaching from agriculture to food processing.

The subsequent analyses deal with the developments in the food sector for France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom for the period 1985–2001. For the dairy sector, substantial energy savings were found for the Netherlands, Germany and United Kingdom (with saving rates of more than 1% to nearly 4% p.a.), while the improvement in energy efficiency was much lower for France (mainly for structural reasons). For the meat sector on the other hand, the results show a significant increase in primary energy use per tonne of product, for which more stringent hygiene regulations were found to be an important reason.

The study of energy efficiency indicators for the entire food industry showed that the cumulative energy savings between 1993 and 2001 amounted to approximately 11 PJ (petajoule = 1015 joule) in the Netherlands. The savings have been mainly realized by improved efficiency of the use of fossil fuel per physical unit of product (15% efficiency improvement, while electricity use did not become more efficient). Nearly 3 PJ were saved by combined heat and power (CHP). Apart from being published as peer-reviewed article, these analyses also represented an important input to the calculation of energy savings under the "Protocol Monitoring Energy Savings" which was commissioned by ECN (Neelis et al. 2004).

Chain analyses for food production showed that the energy use of fertilizer production and use is an important determining factor for the energy requirements of the overall system. It was therefore decided to analyze in detail the structure of fertilizer production, foreign trade, structural changes over time and the energy efficiency improvements over time for each of the key fertilizers. This has led to a historical bottom-up analysis of energy use (in absolute units) in fertilizer production/use in Europe in the period 1961–2002. The work formed the basis for a scientific article.

The analysis for the fertilizer sector and the work done on food processing in year 2 and 3 of this Ph.D. project were the basis for a historical energy analysis covering the entire process chain of food production. This analysis covers all process steps from agriculture to food processing and led to important insights with regard to the drivers of energy use and the dynamics.

All six chapters of Andrea Ramírez' Ph.D. thesis have been published in the mean time. In addition, Andrea Ramírez contributed to a project report (Neelis et al. 2004).

Project 3: (a) The adoption of energy-saving technologies in energy-extensive firms (UvT) and (b) The adoption of energy-saving technologies in energy-extensive firms (ECN)

Project 3a:
Prof. Dr. Aart de Zeeuw Supervisor and overall project management
Dr. Willem van Groenendaal Partly matching, supervisor project 3
Dr. Greg Hunter Postdoc until 01–06–2002
Dr. Herman Vollebergh Postdoc, starting 01–03–2003
Dr. Daan P. van Soest Partly matching

Nederlands factsheet project 3a

Project 3b:
Drs. ir. Ton van Dril, senior researcher
Drs. Marga de Feber, junior researcher, until mid June 2002
Drs. Clement Roos, junior researcher, starting mid November 2002
Ir. Bert Daniëls, researcher, 2004–2007
Ir. Van Arkel, researcher, parts of 2002 and 2003

English summary / Nederlands factsheet project 3b

The aim of the project was to identify and model barriers to the adoption of energy technologies and management practices in energy-extensive sub-sectors. The project actually contains two main research efforts, Project 3a, within which the effects of policy instruments, such as subsidies, is analysed, and Project 3b, which concentrates on the effects of alternative modeling efforts in relation to policy evaluation. Our research makes a considerable contribution to answering the main research questions formulated at the start of the project.

The research shows, among others, that the effects of policy instruments, such as environmental taxes and quotas, on the timing of firms’ decisions on energy-saving technologies, does not favor one particular policy. The adequacy of the policies depends on the empirical conditions, rather than one policy being superior to the others for theoretical reasons. Furthermore, the choice of instrument does not have direct welfare effects, since there is a trade off between adoption speed and technology improvement.
Also to the problem of international competition and environmental standards we have achieved remarkable results. The question whether or not heterogeneous standards will result competitive disadvantage in case of mobile capital cannot be answered empirically, because empirical data and analysis are missing. Also credible theoretically consistent measures on environmental stringency need to be developed. For this problem our project has provided a new approach to measuring cross-country regulatory differences and has made a start of empirically examining these. As we set out to do, we have contributed to unraveling the links between environmental policy and technological change. Policies aiming at directed technological change may postpone scarcity issues. Furthermore, empirical research has shown that these mechanisms occur in practice, reducing abatement cost over time. 

Output

Proefschriften

  • Koetse, M.J. (2006) Determinants of Investment Behaviour: Methods and Applications of Meta-Analysis, Ph.D. Dissertation, Vrije Universiteit, Tinbergen Institute Research Series, no. 374,Amsterdam [1].
  • Ramírez, C.A. (2005) Monitoring Energy Efficiency in the Food Industry, Ph.D. dissertation,Department of Science, Technology and Society, Faculty of Chemistry, Copernicus Institute,Utrecht University [2].

Monografie en speciaal katern wetenschappelijk tijdschrift

  • Blok, K., H.L.F. de Groot, E. Luiten and M. Rietbergen (2004) The Effectiveness of Policy Instruments for Energy Efficiency Improvement in Firms: The Dutch Experience, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers [1,2].
  • De Groot, H.L.F. and R.J.G.M. Florax (eds.) (2004) Energiebesparingsbeleid in Nederland: Over nut en noodzaak van toegepaste beleidsmodellen, Speciaal Katern van Kwartaalschrift Economie 1(2) [1].
  • Florax, R.J.G.M., H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (eds.) (2007) Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar [1].
  • Mulder, P. (2005) The Economics of Technology Diffusion and Energy Efficiency, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar [1].
  • Vollebergh, H.R.J., W. van Groenendaal, M.W. Hofkes and R. Kemp (eds.) (2004) Milieubeleid en Technologische Ontwikkeling in de Nederlandse Economie, Den Haag, SDU [3].

Publicaties in internationale tijdschriften

  • Blok, K. (2004) Improving Energy Efficiency by Five Percent and More per Year?, Journal of Industrial Ecology 8(4), 87–99 [2].
  • Daniels, B.W. and A.W.N. van Dril (2007, forthcoming) Save-Production: A Bottom-up Energy Model for Dutch Industry and Agriculture, Energy Economics [3].
  • De Nooij, M., R. van der Kruk and D.P. van Soest (2003) International Comparisons of Domestic Energy Consumption, Energy Economics 25(4), 359–373 [3].
  • Dijkstra, B. and D.P. van Soest (2006) Higher Environmental Damage, More Lenient Environmental Policies?, Journal of Economics 89(3), 267–284 [3].
  • Fredriksson, P., H.R.J. Vollebergh and E. Dijkgraaf (2004) Corruption and Energy Efficiency in OECD countries: Theory and Evidence, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 47, 207–231 [3].
  • Koetse M.J., H.L.F. de Groot and P. Nijkamp (forthcoming) Barriers to Investment in Energy-Saving Technologies in Small Firms: The Energy-Efficiency Paradox Revisited, revision submitted to Studies in Regional Science [1].
  • Koetse M.J., R.J.G.M. Florax and H.L.F. de Groot (forthcoming) The Impact of Effect Size Heterogeneity in Meta-Analysis: A Monte-Carlo Experiment, submitted to Journal of Applied Econometrics [1].
  • Koetse M.J., R.J.G.M. Florax and H.L.F. de Groot (forthcoming) The Impact of Primary Study Misspecifications on Meta-Analysis: A Monte Carlo Investigation, submitted to Journal of Applied Statistics [1].
  • Koetse, M.J., A.J. van der Vlist and H.L.F. de Groot (2006) The Impact of Perceived Expectations and Uncertainty on Firm Investment, Small Business Economics 26, 365–376 [1].
  • Koetse, M.J., H.L.F. de Groot and R.J.G.M. Florax (forthcoming) A Meta-Analysis of the Investment-Uncertainty Relationship, submitted to Cambridge Journal of Economics [1].
  • Koetse, M.J., H.L.F. de Groot and R.J.G.M. Florax (forthcoming) Capital-Energy Substitution and Shifts in Factor Demand: A Meta-Analysis, revision submitted to Energy Economics [1].
  • Kuper, G.H. and D.P. van Soest (2003) Path-Dependency and Input Substitution: Implications for Energy Policy Modelling, Energy Economics 25(4), 397–407 [3].
  • Kuper, G.H. and D.P. van Soest (2006) Does Oil Price Uncertainty Affect Economic Activity?, Energy Journal 27(1), 55–78 [3].
  • Mulder, P. and A. Miketa (2005) Energy-Productivity Convergence Across Developed and Developing Countries in 10 Manufacturing Sectors, Energy Economics 27: 429-453, [1].
  • Mulder, P. and H.L.F de Groot (2007) Sectoral Energy- and Labour-Productivity Convergence, Environmental and Resource Economics 36, 85–112 [1].
  • Mulder, P., H.L.F. de Groot and M.A. Hofkes (2003), Explaining the Energy-Efficiency Paradox: A Vintage Model with Returns to Diversity and Learning-by-Using, Resource and Energy Economics 25, 105–126 [1].
  • Ramírez, C.A. and E. Worrell (2006) Feeding Fossil Fuels to the Soil: An Analysis of Energy Embedded and Technological Learning in the Fertilizer Industry, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 46, 75–93 [2].
  • Ramírez, C.A. and K. Blok (2007, forthcoming) Energy Used to Produce a Calorie of Nutritional Output in the European Food Supply Chain: A Look to Trends of the Last Three Decades, Journal of Industrial Ecology [2].
  • Ramírez, C.A., K. Blok, M. Neelis and M. Patel (2006) Adding Apples and Oranges: The Monitoring of Energy Efficiency in the Dutch Food Industry, Energy Policy 34, 1720–1735 [2].
  • Ramírez, C.A., M. Patel and K. Blok (2005) The Non-Energy Intensive Manufacturing Sector: An Energy Analysis Relating to The Netherlands, Energy 30(5), 749–767 [2].
  • Ramírez, C.A., M. Patel and K. Blok (2006)_ From Fluid Milk to Milk Powder: Energy Use and Energy Efficiency in the European Dairy Industry, Energy 31, 1648–1668 [2].
  • Ramírez, C.A., M. Patel and K. Blok (2006) How Much to Process one Pound of Meat? A Comparison of Energy Use and Physical Energy Intensity in the Meat Industry of Four European countries, Energy 31, 1711–1727 [2].
  • Rutkowski, A.-F., B. van der Walle, W.J.H. van Groenendaal and J. Pol (2005) When Stakeholders Perceive Threats and Risk Differently, Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 2(1) [3].
  • Van Groenendaal, W.J.H. (2003) Group Decision Support for Public Policy Planning, Information & Management 40(5), 371–380 [3].
  • Van Groenendaal, W.J.H. and J.P.C. Kleijnen (2002) Deterministic Versus Stochastic Sensitivity Analysis in Investment Models, European Journal of Operations Research 141(1), 8–20 [3].
  • Van Groenendaal, W.J.H. and M. Mazraati (2006) Iran's Long-Term Hydrocarbon Reservoir Optimization and the Buyback Contract, Energy Policy 34, 3709–3718 [3].
  • Van Soest, D.P. (2005) The Impact of Policy Instruments on the Adoption of Energy-Saving Technologies under Uncertainty, Resource and Energy Economics 27, 235–247 [3].
  • Van Soest, D.P., J.A. List and T. Jeppesen (2006) A Shadow Price Approach to Measuring the Costs of Increased Environmental Stringency, European Economic Review 50, 1151–1167 [3].
  • Van Soest, D.P., S.G. Gerking and F.G. van Oort (2006) On the Spatial Impact of Agglomeration Externalities, Journal of Regional Science 46(5), 881–899 [3].
  • Vollebergh, H. (2007 forthcoming) Lessons From the Polder: Energy Tax Design in the Netherlands from a Climate Change Perspective, Ecological Economics [3].
  • Vollebergh, H. and C. Kemfert (2005) The Role of Technological Change for a Sustainable Development, Ecological Economics 54, 133–147 [3].
  • Vollebergh, H. and E. Dijkgraaf (2005) A Test for Parameter Heterogeneity in CO2-Panel EKC Estimations, Environmental and Resource Economics 32(2), 229–239 [3].

Internationale boekbijdragen

  • Aalbers, R., H.L.F. de Groot, I.V. Ossokina and H.R.J. Vollebergh (2004), Subsidising the Adoption of Energy-efficient Technologies: an Empirical Analysis of the Free-rider Effect, in: K. Blok et al. (eds.) , The Effectiveness of Policy Instruments for Energy Efficiency Improvement in Firms, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 31–49 [1,3].
  • Blok, K. (2007, forthcoming) Effects of Energy Policy on the Service Sector in: R.J.G.M. Florax, H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (eds.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar [2].
  • Daniëls, B. and A.W.N. van Dril (2007, forthcoming) Bounded Rationality and Investment Decisions in a Bottom-Up Policy Model, in: R.J.G.M. Florax, H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (eds.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, [3].
  • De Groot, H.L.F. (2002) , On the Optimal Timing of Reductions of CO2 Emissions: An Economists’ Perspective on the Debate on 'When Flexibility', in: J. Albrecht (ed.), Instruments for Climate Policy: Limited versus Unlimited Flexibility, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 128–147 [1].
  • De Groot, H.L.F., M.W. Hofkes and P. Mulder (2004) A Vintage Model of Technology Diffusion: The Effects of Learning-by-Doing and Returns to Diversity, in: S. Brakman and B.J. Heijdra (eds.), The Monopolistic Competition Revolution after Twenty-Five Years, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 356–372 [1].
  • Florax, R.J.G.M., H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (2007, forthcoming), A Spatial Economic Perspective on Energy Efficiency Developments in Different World Regions, in: R.J.G.M. Florax, H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (eds.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar [1].
  • Hunter, G. (2007, forthcoming) Adoption Criteria, Diffusion, and Firm Size: The Role of Learning in Reconciling Theories of Endogenous Technical Change with Empirical Evidence, in: R.J.G.M. Florax, H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (eds.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar [3].
  • Koetse, M.J., H.L.F. de Groot and R.J.G.M. Florax (2007, forthcoming) Investment under Uncertainty: A Meta-Regression Analysis, in: R.J.G.M. Florax, H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder(eds.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar [1].
  • Mulder, P. and H.L.F. de Groot (2007, forthcoming) Energy Productivity Performance across 14 OECD Countries: The Role of Energy Extensive Sectors, in: R.J.G.M. Florax, H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (eds.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar [1].
  • Ramírez, A., M. Patel and K. Blok (2007, forthcoming) Monitoring Energy Use and Energy Efficiency in the Dutch Service Sector, in: R.J.G.M. Florax, H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (eds.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar [2].
  • Ramírez, A., M. Patel and K. Blok (2007, forthcoming) Using Physical Indicators to Monitor Energy Efficiency in Non-Energy Intensive Sectors, in: R.J.G.M. Florax, H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (eds.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar [2].
  • Van Dril, A.W.N. (2005) Using the Benchmarking Covenant for Allocating Emission Allowances: Are we still Moving ahead? An Inquiry into Policy Effectiveness, in: The Handbook of Environmental Voluntary Agreements, Berlin: Springer, 365–380 [3].
  • Van Groenendaal, W.J.H. (2007, forthcoming) Energy Model and Policy Advice: An Empirical Research into the Effect of Model Choice on Policy Advice, in: R.J.G.M. Florax, H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (eds.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar [3]. Van Oort, F.G., D.P. van Soest and S.D. Gerking (2005), Dynamic Information Externalities and Employment Growth in the Netherlands, in: R. Boschma and R. Kloosterman (eds.), Technological Change and Regional Development, Berlin: Springer Verlag [3].
  • Van Soest, D.P. and H. Vollebergh (2007, forthcoming), Energy Investment Behavior: Heterogeneity and Subsidy Design, in: R.J.G.M. Florax, H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (eds.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar [3].
  • Van Soest, D.P. and H.L.F. de Groot (2007, forthcoming), The Effects of Uncertainty on Investments: Analysing the Impact of Energy Market Liberalisation, in: R.J.G.M. Florax, H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (eds.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar [1,3].

Publicaties in Nederlandse tijdschriften

  • De Groot, H.L.F. and R.J.G.M. Florax (2004) De modellering van energiebesparing in toegepaste beleidsmodellen voor Nederland, Kwartaalschrift Economie 1(2), 123–130 [1].
  • De Groot, H.L.F., R.J.G.M. Florax and R.A. de Mooij (2002) Meta-analyse: Analyseer de Analyses, Economisch Statistische Berichten 87, 96-98 [1].
  • Den Butter, F.A.G., H.L.F. de Groot and P. Mulder (2003) Energie en Arbeid: Vrienden of Vijanden?, Economisch Statistische Berichten 88, 295–297 [1].
  • Florax, R.J.G.M. and H.L.F. de Groot (2005) Meta-analyse als hulpmiddel bij beleidsinstrumentatie, Economisch Statistische Berichten 90, D8–D10 [1].
  • Mulder, P. (2004) NEMO: CPB’s energievraagmodel tussen top-down and bottom-up, Kwartaalschrift Economie 1(2), 131–153 [1].
  • Van Dril, A.W.N. (2004) SAVE: De energievraag bottom-up, Kwartaalschrift Economie 1(2), 154–167 [3]
  • Van Groenendaal, W.J.H. (2004) Energiemodel en beleidsadvies: Een empirisch onderzoek naar het effect van modelkeuze op beleidsadvies, Kwartaalschrift Economie 1(2), 190–205 [3].
  • Van Soest, D.P. (2003) De poorten dicht voor een beter milieu?, Economisch Statistische Berichten 4392, 18 [3].
  • Van Soest, D.P. (2005) De kosten van ontkoppeling, Economisch Statistische Berichten 90(4461), D27–D29 [3].
  • Vollebergh, H. and S. Smulders (2005) Milieubeleid en innovatie, Economische Statistische Berichten 90(4461), D12 [3].
  • Vollebergh, H.R.J. (2004) Naar een meer prikkelende Nederlandse energiebelasting, Maandblad Belastingbeschouwingen 73(9), 258–268 [3].
  • Vollebergh, H.R.J. en A. de Zeeuw (2004) Inzicht en uitzicht: De Nederlandse energiemodellen, Kwartaalschrift Economie 1(2), 216–224 [3].

Nederlandse boekbijdragen

  • Aalbers, R., H.L.F. de Groot and H.R.J. Vollebergh (2004) Effectiviteit van energieinvesteringssubsidies voor technologiekeuze, in: H.R.J. Vollebergh, W. van Groenendaal, M.W. Hofkes and R. Kemp (eds.), Milieubeleid en Technologische Ontwikkeling in de Nederlandse Economie, Den Haag, SDU, 149–168 [1,3].